A Farewell to Wars – The Growing Restraints on the Interstate Use of Force
Hans Morgenthau is perhaps the foremost representative of realist school of international relations. With great knowledge of diplomatic history and international relations, he identifies a ‘quest for power’ as the universal driving force in the international relations of states We may note that the US national security strategy presented by the Trump administration in 2017 read like an essay based on Morgenthau:
‘The strategy is guided by principled realism. It is realist because it acknowledges the central role of power in international politics, affirms that sovereign states are the best hope for a peaceful world. […]
Through power, material advantages can be sought, but also other gains like status. Morgenthau does not deny that a major part of the international legal rules function well even without courts and enforcement systems and that states’ quests for power may be inhibited by various factors, including ethical and international legal norms. However, like St Augustine (354–430) and Hobbes (1588–1679) before him, he believes that the root cause of the use of armed force is that man is aggressive and evil. He is concerned about the dangerous dimension brought into state relations by nuclear weapons and does not place much faith in the UN as a mechanism for peace. He sees no other plausible remedy to the risk of war and violence than balance of power and skilful diplomacy – by which he means statesmanship.
The distinguished American political scientist, Francis Fukuyama, is like Morgenthau allergic to high-sounding claims that international mechanisms can cope with the interstate use of force. He sympathizes with the realist school and its emphasis on balance of power and military strength but thinks it is not aware enough of the demand for ‘recognition’ – pride, prestige, wish to dominate – that he sees as the main driving force for war in a world of states competing with each other. Although this stressing of self-assertion highlights a highly relevant psychological dimension, in practical terms Fukuyama’s explanation of war may not be very different from the ‘quest for power’ that Morgenthau identifies as the source of conflict and war. Läs introduktionen