Vem är terrorist och vem är ansvarig när det i sådana sammanhang skrivs grundlagsskyddat?

Ingemar Folke, företrädde som advokat under åren 1980-2013 parter i yttrande- och tryckfrihetsrättsliga ärenden

Trots lagrådets avrådan har regeringen lagt fram förslaget att kriminalisera deltagande i terroristorganisation för riksdagen (proposition 2022/23:73). Sannolikt kommer riksdagen att anta det. I så fall träder lagen i kraft den 1 juni. Regeringen hoppas väl att Turkiet ska ta sådant intryck av den nya lagen att landets parlament ska ratificera Sveriges anslutning till Nato före Natotoppmötet i Vilnius den 11-12 juli. Men ger verkligen lagen det som Erdogan vill ha av Sverige? Regeringens uttalanden om vem som ska räknas som terrorist gör det i hög grad oklart om alla sådana organisationer som Erdogan ogillar i Sverige kommer att träffas av lagen. De svenska mediegrundlagarna ger sannolikt också sådana organisationer, med eller utan terrorism på programmet, möjlighet att bedriva opinionsbildning utan att komma i konflikt med den nya lagen.

I detta lagstiftningsärende framträder klart den tvetydighet och den obeständighet över tid som präglar ett begrepp som terrorist. En person som för den ene framstår som terrorist kan av en annan hyllas som frihetskämpe. Det är också en fråga om tid. Det är således välkänt att personer, som senare i livet hyllas som landsfäder och fredspristagare, i början av sin karriär har betecknats som terrorister. Nelson Mandela och Menachim Begin är båda exempel på detta. Det är svårigheterna att definiera vad terrorism är som har lagt hinder i vägen för försök som gjorts i FN att klarlägga begreppet i bindande konventioner. FN-konventionerna på området har i stället fått inriktas på olika slag av terrordåd, såsom flygplanskapningar och sjöfartssabotage.

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Huvudspåret om Nord Stream: Stat ligger bakom, dn.se

Utredarna har tidigare konstaterat att det rör sig om grovt sabotage. Åklagare Mats Ljungqvist meddelar att förundersökningen fortsätter, men att det är ett komplext ärende.

”Det rör sig om ett brott vars omständigheter av naturliga skäl är svåra att utreda. Detonationerna har skett på 80 meters djup på havsbotten i Östersjön”, säger han, enligt ett pressmeddelande. […]

Det förekommer många olika uppgifter om vem som ligger bakom, och åklagaren vill inte spekulera. Men det står klart att det rör sig om en aktör med betydande resurser och kunskaper, enligt Ljungqvist.

– Vi utesluter inte att det skulle kunna finnas aktörer som inte tillhör en stat som har förmåga att göra det här. Men då är vi inne på ytterst få företag eller grupperingar. Med tanke på samtliga omständigheter är huvudspåret att det är en stat som ligger bakom, säger han till TT.

Förundersökningen bedrivs av Säpo under ledning av kammaråklagaren vid Riksenheten för säkerhetsmål. Det handlar om grovt sabotage på internationellt vatten riktat mot ledningarna, vars ägare inte är kopplade till Sverige, konstaterar åklagaren. Den svenska utredningens fokus är att ta reda på om svenskt intresse eller säkerhet hotats. Läs artikel

 

Finland Gives NATO a King in the North, foreignpolicy.com

[…] And Finland’s military is going to be put to NATO-standard tests almost immediately on entry. Though Finland has participated in low-level exercises with NATO troops before, the multinational Defender 23 exercise kicking off in Europe this month will see Finnish troops participating shoulder-to-shoulder with 9,000 U.S. forces, the first large-scale operation the Nordic country has conducted with the alliance. Finnish pilots will conduct overflights of the North Sea in F/A-18 Hornets during the exercise that spans 10 countries, German Air Force commander Lt. Gen. Ingo Gerhartz said in a press conference at the German Embassy in Washington on Tuesday. He sketched a scenario that maps how the alliance would respond to the invocation of NATO’s Article Five self-defense clause on the European mainland. From an airpower perspective, U.S. military officials are already looking at options to integrate Finland’s intelligence collection capabilities into NATO, as well as extending the ability of the alliance to operate in frigid conditions. And Finland has kept a “Winter War” mindset stemming from the 1939 Soviet invasion, Läs artikel

Ukraine War Plans Leak Prompts Pentagon Investigation, nytimes.com

Classified war documents detailing secret American and NATO plans for building up the Ukrainian military ahead of a planned offensive against Russia were posted this week on social media channels, senior Biden administration officials said.

The Pentagon is investigating who may have been behind the leak of the documents, which appeared on Twitter and on Telegram, a platform with more than half a billion users that is widely available in Russia.

Military analysts said the documents appear to have been modified in certain parts from their original format, overstating American estimates of Ukrainian war dead and understating estimates of Russian troops killed.

The modifications could point to an effort of disinformation by Moscow, the analysts said. But the disclosures in the original documents, which appear as photographs of charts of anticipated weapons deliveries, troop and battalion strengths, and other plans, represents a significant breach of American intelligence in the effort to aid Ukraine. […]

The documents do not provide specific battle plans, like how, when, and where Ukraine intends to launch its offensive, which American officials say is likely coming in the next month or so. And because the documents are five weeks old, they offer a snapshot of time — the American and Ukrainian view, as of March 1, of what Ukrainian troops might need for the campaign. […]

To the trained eye of a Russian war planner, field general or intelligence analyst, however, the documents no doubt offer many tantalizing clues and insights. The documents mention, for instance, the expenditure rate of HIMARS — American-supplied high mobility artillery rocket systems, which can launch attacks against targets like ammunition dumps, infrastructure and concentrations of troops, from a distance. The Pentagon has not said publicly how fast Ukrainian troops are using the HIMARS munitions; the documents do. Läs artikel

It Is Finn-ished, theamericanconservative.com

Bradley Devlin , Staff Reporter for The American Conservative

[…] It’s hard to blame the average Finn for wanting NATO membership. For now, it comes at zero cost to them. Given that most European NATO members, happy to free-ride on the United States, are still failing to meet NATO defense spending obligations even after the war in Ukraine broke out, Finland can continue devoting less than 2 percent of its GDP to defense. Why shouldn’t Finland also seek to bask under the shade of the American nuclear umbrella? […]

Ukraine, sometimes with the encouragement of the United States, has rebuffed all calls for peace, repeatedly making unrealistic demands of Russia, such as a total withdrawal from Crimea, to even start the peace process. As Ukraine publicly plans to use American and other NATO-supplied weapons to attempt to invade Crimea, there has not been a peep of protest from the Biden administration, except for the occasional confirmation that the U.S. does not recognize Crimea as Russian territory. But there should be an uproar—a NATO-backed invasion of Russia by proxy will almost guarantee the outbreak of a wider war.

Congrats, Finland on becoming the thirty-first member of NATO. Imagine their shock when they realize being a member of NATO means fighting. Läs artikel

A NATO member is furious with the Alliance: You violated a basic principle, b92.net

The invitation to the officials of Kyiv to attend the meeting of ministers of NATO member countries in Brussels is a direct violation of the principles of the Alliance, according to Péter Szijjártó.

The Hungarian Foreign Minister said on Tuesday that the Hungarian delegation came to the Brussels meeting in the hope that no one would question the validity of our earlier joint decision that NATO is not part of the war being waged in our neighborhood and that everything must be done to prevent a direct conflict between NATO and Russia.

”Inviting Ukraine violates the principle of unity of allies within NATO, but in the spirit of constructiveness we will participate in the meeting,” he added.

”I will also make it clear that Hungary will support all the integration efforts of Ukraine only if the Ukrainians return the rights they had before 2015 to the Transcarpathian Hungarians,” Péter Szijjártó concluded, as reported by Russia Today. Läs artikel

Nato should not become anti-China bloc, hungarymatters.hu

NATO should not turn into an anti-China bloc, the foreign minister said in Brussels.
Mutually beneficial cooperation was preferable to rivalry, Péter Szijjártó said after a meeting of NATO foreign ministers. “We haven’t entered, neither do we want to enter … competition between China and Europe or China and Hungary,” Szijjártó told a press conference. He said relations should not be spoken of in military terms. Mutually beneficial cooperation should embrace “the automotive revolution”, he said, noting that European manufacturers had become dependent on South Korean and Chinese batteries. Szijjártó said political decisions had been made in Brussels regarding the car industry, vital to Europe’s economic future, in the direction of the industry’s radical renewal. “There are too many interests by now for this transition not to be successful,” he said. While developments for manufacturing electric cars went ahead in Europe, politicians forgot to create batteries production capacities, which are largely owned by Chinese companies, he said. “So, anyone advocating the separation of the Chinese and European economies risks landing a massive blow to the European economy,” he said. Läs artikel

Här ligger Belgiens sämst bevarade hemlighet – hundra kilometer från Bryssel förvaras amerikanska kärnvapen, svenska.yle.fi

Kärnvapnen vid den belgiska flygbasen Kleine Brogel kallas Belgiens sämst bevarade hemlighet. Fastän det officiellt inte har bekräftats visar läckta dokument att här förvaras nukleära flygbomber. Vår korrespondent har besökt Kleine Brogel.

Den lugna landsortsidyllen med gröna fält och fågelkvitter störs bara av det öronbedövande dånet från F-16 stridsplan som lyfter från flygbasen i Kleine Brogel. Det här stillsamma jordbruksområdet ligger i Flandern, drygt hundra kilometer nordost om Bryssel, men är bättre känt för att inhysa det belgiska försvarets största enhet. Och för att vara en förvaringsplats för amerikanska kärnvapen.

Det första utställda stridsplanet möter oss redan vid rondellen i kommunens centrum. Det andra står vid ingången till flygbasen. Läs artikel

Nato-Finland saknar hundratals yrkessoldater: ”Om arbetsmängden hela tiden ökar, vad ska då tas bort?” svenska.yle.fi

Samtidigt som Finland med fanfar går med i Nato saknas ett avtal för de officerare som ska jobba för Finlands räkning på militäralliansens olika kontor. Dessutom behöver Försvarsmakten hundratals nya yrkessoldater, säger Officersförbundet.

Arbetsbördan för den finländska yrkesmilitären har ökat på alla fronter. Samtidigt som beväringar fortfarande ska utbildas har antalet repetitionsövningar ökat det senaste året.

I februari varnade fackföreningen Officersförbundet för att dess medlemmar upplever att återhämtningstiden är för liten och arbetsbördan för stor.

En majoritet av medlemmarna anser att Försvarsmakten måste göra stora strukturförändringar eller öka resurserna. Det behövs hundratals fler officerare, och nu när Finland går med i Nato ökar behovet. Försvarsmakten måste skicka ett stort antal personer för att jobba vid Nato. Läs artikel

This summer Latvia adopts mandatory national defence service, bnn-news.com

The Latvian parliament has officially passed the National Defence Service Law. This means in summer 2023 the country will be holding the first voluntary military enlistment procedure.

The law dictates that Latvian citizens – men – of the age of 18 years are required to undergo military service for one year. A citizen who continues studying after reaching the age of 18, except for higher education, will have to undergo military training within one year after graduating.

If a citizen continues undergoing education after reaching the age of 18 years, except higher education, and does not graduate before reaching the age of 24 years, he will be required to undergo military service the next year after reaching the age of 24 years. Läs artikel

Veckans citat

“It was a war (mot Serbien) waged by a nineteen-nation alliance that habitually looked to the United States for leadership but ultimately made decisions on the basis of consensus and then delegated their implementation to a multinational military chain of command.

As the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, I was the head of the NATO military chain of command within Europe and responsible for implementing those decisions. And though decisions were made at higher political levels, much of the information to make those decisions came from my commanders and me. I also held another command position, that of U.S. Commander in Chief, European Command. It was a process known as ´dual-hatting`, complete with two different, geographically dispersed headquarters – NATO´s Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), near Mons, Belgium and the U.S European Command (EUCOM), in Stuttgart, Germany – two different staffs, and two entirely different reporting chains. It was a linkage designed by General Eisenhower himself.”

“In fact, I was operating under two lines of authority, one from the Secretary of Defense (USA:s) and one from the NATO Secretary General.”

“However, it was also true that nations generally influenced NATO actions in proportion to their commitment of forces. Those nations that contributed the most carried the greatest weight in the Council in the military decision process, and in the informal consultations. Those that contributed less, influenced less.

Realistically, the relative powers of member nations tend to be recognized in all multinational organizations, including NATO. The United States had always had the greatest power and the greatest influence. But during the cold war the problem was that the United States was not vulnerable in the event of a war in the same way as its European allies, and there were continuing concerns that the United States would somehow become ´decoupled` from its European allies.

Ironically, a similar rift was a factor in the Kosovo crisis, because American commitments to potential crises in the Persian Gulf and Korea took priority in U.S. policy over problems in Europe. During the summer and fall of 1998 the United States seemed more concerned with Saddam Hussein´s violation of the U.N. sanctions regime in Iraq than with the potential of another crisis in former Yugoslavia. This meant that NATO was depending for leadership on a nation whose security interests lay elsewhere. This is not an impossible situation, but the manner in which Washington expressed and acted on its priorities, however reasoned they may have seemed to the Americans, did not always inspire confidence among several European nations.”

Citaten är hämtade från den amerikanske generalen Wesley K. Clarks bok WAGING MODERN WAR, PublicAffairs, 2001. Han hade som befälhavare för alliansens styrkor och USA:s styrkor i Europa en ledande militär roll i planeringen och genomförandet av Natos folkrättsstridiga bombkrig mot Serbien. Det må anmärkas att kommandolinjerna är oförändrade och att de ”dubbla hattarna” alltjämt bärs av en amerikansk general.

USA utvider med fire nye militærbaser på Filippinene, forsvaretsforum.no

USA utvider med fire nye amerikanske militære baser på Filippinene, som følge av at landene har en ny forsvarssamarbeidsavtale som trådte i kraft 1. februar.

De fire nye basene er Naval Base Camilo Osias i Santa Ana, Cagayan, Camp Melchor Dela Cruz i Gamu, Isabela, Balabac Island i Palawan og Lal-lo Airport i Cagayan. Basene skal brukes til felles og kombinert trening, og amerikanerne vil være roterende styrker.

Sabrina Singh, stedfortredende talsperson for Pentagon, uttalte følgende mandag:

– I tillegg til de fem eksisterende basene vil disse nye styrke samarbeidet mellom amerikanske og filippinske styrker og tillate oss å respondere mer sømløst for å håndtere en rekke felles utfordringer i Indo-Stillehavsregionen, inkludert naturkatastrofer og humanitære kriser. Läs artikel